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حالة النصب في البولندية

• يأخذ المفعول به المباشر عادةً حالة النصب.
• تتطابق غالبًا صيغتا النصب والرفع في الأسماء المذكرة غير العاقلة.

Verb Root and Stem

• Verbs are lemmatized to the third-person masculine singular perfective.

Short recap: The phrase 's dovolením'

• S + noun in the instrumental expresses 'with' + noun; here dovolením is instrumental singular of dovolení.
• Use S dovolením when you want to pass, enter, or interrupt; the other person should allow it explicitly.

Polite greeting

• Goddag is a fixed greeting (no inflection) used in neutral-to-polite registers.
• Pair it with a polite offer using modal verb [kan] + subject + infinitive: "Kan jeg hjælpe..."

Cited-word frame and contraction splitting

• When a complete word is cited after metalanguage (e.g. «Στη λέξη μέρα») the cited word is shown in its own lexical form and keeps its ordinary morphology as presented.
• Split fused σε+article tokens like Στη into two tokens: σε (Adposition, accusative) + τη (Definite article, feminine singular accusative). Emit 'σε' exactly, not 'Στη' or 'στη'.
• [Μ] and [μ] presented as isolated graphemes are cited letters (Symbol) and must be blanked as the exact target grapheme in drill items.

Negation and Genitive

• Negation with nie changes the direct object from accusative to genitive.
• Masculine inanimate nouns typically take the -u ending in genitive singular.

Arabic Loan Sounds

• Digraphs like dh, th, gh, and kh constitute single sounds.
• They are common in loanwords from Arabic.

Low Class Consonants

• Low class: ค, ง, ช, ท, น, พ, ฟ, ม, ย, ร, ล, ว.
• In Live syllables, Low class consonants produce a Mid tone by default.

Locative Case

• The locative case is required after prepositions like в (in) or на (on/at).
• It is used to denote location or static position.